October 15 in History

13-year-old American girl, Jayme Closs, is kidnapped from her Barron, Wisconsin home after her parents were both murdered.

One hundred and ninety-seven nations amend the Montreal Protocol to include a phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons.

The 7.2 Mw Bohol earthquake strikes the Philippines. At least 215 were killed.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down 733.08 points, or 7.87%, the second worst percentage drop in the Dow's history.

Seventeen activists in New Zealand are arrested in the country's first post-9/11 anti-terrorism raids.

The 6.7 Mw Kiholo Bay earthquake rocks Hawaii, causing property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and the closure of Honolulu International Airport.

China launches Shenzhou 5, its first crewed space mission.

NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles (180 km) of Jupiter's moon Io.

The Cassini probe launches from Cape Canaveral on its way to Saturn.

The United States, under the Clinton administration, returns Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to the island.

The "Oh-My-God particle", an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray measured at 40,000,000 times that of the highest energy protons produced in a particle accelerator, is observed at the University of Utah HiRes observatory in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah.

The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.

Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and open up his nation.

Wayne Gretzky becomes the all-time leading points scorer in the NHL.

Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460 crashes near Conca di Crezzo, Italy, killing all 37 people on board.

A coup d'état in Burkina Faso overthrows and kills then President Thomas Sankara.

Supporters of the Malta Labour Party ransack and destroy the Times of Malta building and other locations associated with the Nationalist Party.

A coup d'état in El Salvador overthrows President Carlos Humberto Romero and begins the 12 year-long Salvadoran Civil War.

During the construction of Australia's West Gate Bridge, a span of the bridge falls and kills 35 workers. The incident is the country's worst industrial accident to this day.

The Black Panther Party is created by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.

Vietnam War: A draft card is burned during an anti-war rally by the Catholic Worker Movement, resulting in the first arrest under a new law.

FORTRAN, the first modern computer language, is first shared with the coding community.

Hurricane Hazel devastates the eastern seaboard of North America, killing 95 and causing massive floods as far north as Toronto.

Mexican chemist Luis E. Miramontes completes the synthesis of norethisterone, the basis of an early oral contraceptive.

World War II: Germany replaces the Hungarian government after Hungary announces an armistice with the Soviet Union.

President Lluís Companys of Catalonia is executed by the Francoist government.

The New York Municipal Airport (later renamed LaGuardia Airport) is dedicated.

Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight.

The airship Graf Zeppelin completes its first trans-Atlantic flight, landing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States.

The German Rentenmark is introduced in Germany to counter hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic.

Airship America is launched from New Jersey in the first attempt to cross the Atlantic by a powered aircraft.

The "From Hell" letter allegedly sent by Jack the Ripper is received by investigators.

American Civil War: The Union garrison of Glasgow, Missouri surrenders to Confederate forces.

Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Queen Marie Antoinette of France is tried and convicted of treason.

The Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon makes the first human ascent, piloted by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier.

The Battle of Raft Swamp marks the last battle fought in North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War with a Patriot victory. It occurred four days before the British surrender at Yorktown.

Qing forces capture the island of Zhoushan. Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu, resident of the island and regent of the Southern Ming, flees to Kinmen.

Adoption of the Gregorian calendar begins, eventually leading to near-universal adoption.

The Siege of Vienna ends when Austria routs the invading Ottoman forces, ending its European expansion.

Battle of the Rhyndacus: The Latin emperor Henry of Flanders defeats the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris.

Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.

Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark

Melki Sedek Huang, Indonesian activist and sex offender

Bailee Madison, American-Canadian actress and singer

Ben Woodburn, Welsh footballer

Teuku Wariza Aris Munandar, Indonesian activist and politician

Charly Musonda, Belgian footballer

Grace Van Dien, American actress

Zelo, South Korean rapper and dancer

Jack Flaherty, American baseball player

Jakob Pöltl, Austrian basketball player

Lil' Kleine, Dutch rapper

Babar Azam, Pakistani cricket player

Richaun Holmes, American basketball player

Roh Tae-hyun, South Korean singer and dancer

Ncuti Gatwa, Rwandan-Scottish actor

Teoscar Hernández, Dominican baseball player

Vincent Martella, American actor

Brock Nelson, American ice hockey player

Jeon Ji-yoon, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer

Blaine Gabbert, American football player

Anthony Joshua, British professional boxer

Dominique Jones, American basketball player

Mesut Özil, German footballer

Ott Tänak, Estonian racing driver

Lee Donghae, South Korean singer-songwriter

Carlo Janka, Swiss skier

Nolito, Spanish footballer

Arron Afflalo, American basketball player

Izale McLeod, English footballer

Jessie Ware, English singer-songwriter

Stephy Tang, Hong Kong singer

Bruno Senna, Brazilian race car driver

Keyshia Cole, American singer-songwriter and producer

Elena Dementieva, Russian tennis player

Tom Boonen, Belgian cyclist

Bohemia, Pakistani-American rapper and producer

Paul Robinson, English footballer

Jaci Velasquez, American singer-songwriter and actress

Māris Verpakovskis, Latvian footballer

Wes Moore, American politician, author, nonprofit executive, and television producer, 63rd Governor of Maryland

Takeshi Morishima, Japanese wrestler

Masato Kawabata, Japanese racing driver

David Trezeguet, French footballer

Patricio Urrutia, Ecuadorian footballer

Elisa Aguilar, Spanish basketball player

Chukwudi Iwuji, Nigerian-British actor

Bianca Rinaldi, Brazilian actress

Aleksandr Filimonov, Russian footballer

Fred Hoiberg, American basketball player and coach

Michél Mazingu-Dinzey, German-Congolese footballer and manager

Andy Cole, English footballer and coach

Lauri Pilter, Estonian author and translator

Ginuwine, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor

Pernilla Wiberg, Swedish skier

Vítor Baía, Portuguese footballer

Dominic West, English actor and director

Didier Deschamps, French footballer and manager

Vanessa Marcil, American actress

Rod Wishart, Australian rugby league player

Trent Zimmerman, Australian politician

Dan Forest, American politician, 34th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina

Götz Otto, German actor and screenwriter

Eric Benét, American singer-songwriter

Jorge Campos, Mexican footballer and manager

Bill Charlap, American pianist and composer

Ilse Huizinga, Dutch singer

Dave Stead, English drummer

Nasser El Sonbaty, German bodybuilder and trainer (died 2013)

Roberto Vittori, Italian colonel, pilot, and astronaut

Stanley Menzo, Dutch footballer and manager

Vyacheslav Butusov, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist

Emeril Lagasse, American chef and author

Alex Paterson, English keyboard player

Sarah Ferguson

Todd Solondz, American actor, director, and screenwriter

Stephen Clarke, English-French journalist and author

Michael Caton-Jones, Scottish actor, director, and producer

Mira Nair, Indian-American actress, director, and producer

Stacy Peralta, American skateboarder, director, producer, and businessman, co-founded Powell Peralta

Kulbir Bhaura, Indian field hockey player

Emma Chichester Clark, English author and illustrator

Tanya Roberts, American actress (died 2021)

Peter Bakowski, Australian poet and educator

Steve Bracks, Australian politician, 44th Premier of Victoria

Jere Burns, American actor

Julia Yeomans, English physicist and academic

Betsy Clifford, Canadian skier

Tito Jackson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2024)

Larry Miller, American actor and comedian

Peter Phillips, English conductor and musicologist

Peter Richardson, English actor, director, and screenwriter

Roscoe Tanner, American tennis player

Rafael Vaganian, Armenian chess player

Candida Royalle, American porn actress, director, and producer (died 2015)

Laurie McBain, American author

Prannoy Roy, Indian journalist, economist, and broadcaster, founded NDTV

Renato Corona, Filipino lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (died 2016)

Chris de Burgh, British-Irish singer-songwriter and pianist

Hümeyra, Turkish singer-songwriter and actress

Jaroslav Erno Šedivý, Czech drummer

Victor Banerjee, Indian actor and director

Richard Carpenter, American singer-songwriter and pianist

Palle Danielsson, Swedish bassist and composer

Stewart Stevenson, Scottish engineer and politician, Minister for Environment and Climate Change

Steve Camacho, Guyanese cricketer (died 2015)

Antonio Cañizares Llovera, Spanish cardinal

Neophyte of Bulgaria, Bulgarian patriarch (died 2024)

Jim Palmer, American baseball player and sportscaster

Sali Berisha, Albanian cardiologist and politician, 2nd President of Albania

A. Chandranehru, Sri Lankan Tamil merchant seaman and politician (died 2005)

Haim Saban, Israeli-American businessman, co-founded Saban Entertainment

David Trimble, Northern Irish lawyer and politician, 3rd First Minister of Northern Ireland, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2022)

Stanley Fischer, American and Israeli economist (died 2025)

Penny Marshall, American actress, director, and producer (died 2018)

Hilo Chen, Taiwanese-American painter

Harold W. Gehman, Jr., American admiral

Don Stevenson, American singer-songwriter and drummer

Roy Masters, Australian rugby league coach, journalist, and author

Tommy Bishop, English rugby league player and coach

Peter C. Doherty, Australian surgeon and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate

Marv Johnson, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 1993)

Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician and activist (died 1997)

Brice Marden, American painter (died 2023)

Robert Ward, American guitarist and songwriter (died 2008)

Linda Lavin, American actress and singer (died 2024)

Michel Aumont, French actor (died 2019)

Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell, South African-English businessman (died 2019)

Barry McGuire, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Dick McTaggart, Scottish boxer (died 2025)

Bobby Morrow, American sprinter (died 2020)

Willie O'Ree, Canadian ice hockey player, first black player in the National Hockey League (NHL)

Alan Elsdon, English trumpet player (died 2016)

N. Ramani, Indian flute player (died 2015)

Nicky Barnes, American drug lord (died 2012)

Jaan Rääts, Estonian guitarist and composer (died 2020)

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Indian engineer, academic, and politician, 11th President of India (died 2015)

Pauline Perry, Baroness Perry of Southwark, English academic and politician

FM-2030, Belgian-Iranian basketball player, philosopher and diplomat (died 2000)

Ned McWherter, American politician, 46th Governor of Tennessee (died 2011)

Will Insley, American painter and architect (died 2011)

B. S. Abdur Rahman, Indian businessman and philanthropist (died 2015)

James E. Akins, American soldier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (died 2010)

Agustín García Calvo, Spanish philosopher and poet (died 2012)

Michel Foucault, French historian and philosopher (died 1984)

Ed McBain, American author and screenwriter (died 2005)

Jean Peters, American actress (died 2000)

Karl Richter, German organist and conductor (died 1981)

Mickey Baker, American-French guitarist (died 2012)

Aurora Bautista, Spanish actress (died 2012)

Tony Hart, English painter and television host (died 2009)

Marguerite Andersen, German-Canadian author and educator (died 2022)

Lee Iacocca, American businessman and author (died 2019)

Warren Miller, American director and screenwriter (died 2018)

Italo Calvino, Italian novelist, short story writer, and journalist (died 1985)

Antonio Fontán, Spanish journalist and politician (died 2010)

Eugene Patterson, American journalist and activist (died 2013)

Lindsay Thompson, Australian politician, 40th Premier of Victoria (died 2008)

Agustina Bessa-Luís, Portuguese author (died 2019)

Tommy Edwards, American singer-songwriter (died 1969)

Preben Munthe, Norwegian economist and politician, State Conciliator of Norway (died 2013)

Angelica Rozeanu, Romanian-Israeli table tennis player (died 2006)

Chris Economaki, American sportscaster and actor (died 2012)

Patricia Jessel, Hong Kong-English actress (died 1968)

Peter Koch, American industrial engineer and wood scientist (died 1998)

Mario Puzo, American author and screenwriter (died 1999)

Henri Verneuil, Turkish-French director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2002)

Malcolm Ross, American captain, balloonist, and physicist (died 1985)

Chuck Stevenson, American race car driver (died 1995)

Jan Miner, American actress (died 2004)

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian and critic (died 2007)

Paul Tanner, American trombonist and educator (died 2013)

Al Killian, American trumpet player and bandleader (died 1950)

George Turner, Australian author and critic (died 1997)

Mohammed Zahir Shah, Afghan king (died 2007)

Wolfgang Lüth, German U-boat captain (died 1945)

Nellie Lutcher, American singer and pianist (died 2007)

Edwin O. Reischauer, Japanese-American scholar and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Japan (died 1990)

Jesse L. Greenstein, American astronomer and academic (died 2002)

Robert Trout, American journalist (died 2000)

Herman Chittison, American pianist (died 1967)

John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian-American economist and diplomat, 7th United States Ambassador to India (died 2006)

Varian Fry, American journalist and author (died 1967)

Hiram Fong, American soldier and politician (died 2004)

Alicia Patterson, American journalist and publisher, co-founded Newsday (died 1963)

Victoria Spivey, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 1976)

C. P. Snow, English chemist and author (died 1980)

Enrique Jardiel Poncela, Spanish playwright and novelist (died 1952)

Mervyn LeRoy, American actor, director, and producer (died 1987)

Adolf Brudes, Polish-German racing driver (died 1986)

Johannes Sikkar, Estonian soldier and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (died 1960)

Moshe Sharett, Ukrainian-Israeli lieutenant and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (died 1965)

Carol II of Romania, King of Romania (died 1953)

Álvaro de Campos, Portuguese poet and engineer (died 1935)

S. S. Van Dine, American author and critic (died 1939)

Frederick Fleet, English sailor and lookout on the Titanic (died 1965)

Archibald Hoxsey, American pilot (died 1910)

Charley O'Leary, American baseball player and coach (died 1941)

P. G. Wodehouse, English novelist and playwright (died 1975)

Jane Darwell, American actress (died 1967)

Paul Reynaud, French lawyer and politician, 118th Prime Minister of France (died 1966)

Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (died 1899)

Wilhelm Miklas, Austrian educator and politician, 3rd President of Austria (died 1956)

August Nilsson, Swedish pole vaulter, shot putter, and tug of war competitor (died 1921)

Charles W. Clark, American singer and educator (died 1925)

John L. Sullivan, American boxer, actor, and journalist (died 1918)

Friedrich Nietzsche, German composer, poet, and philosopher (died 1900)

Honoré Mercier, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 9th Premier of Quebec (died 1894)

James Tissot, French painter and illustrator (died 1902)

John Alexander MacPherson, Australian politician, 7th Premier of Victoria (died 1894)

Asaph Hall, American astronomer and academic (died 1907)

Marie of Prussia, Queen of Bavaria (died 1889)

Alexander Dreyschock, Czech pianist and composer (died 1869)

John Robertson, English-Australian politician, 5th Premier of New South Wales (died 1891)

Mikhail Lermontov, Russian author, poet, and painter (died 1841)

Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, French general and politician, head of state of France in 1848 (died 1857)

William Christopher Zeise, Danish chemist who prepared Zeise's salt, one of the first organometallic compounds (died 1847)

José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general and politician (died 1821)

Thomas Robert Bugeaud, French general and politician, Governor-General of Algeria (died 1849)

Bernhard Crusell, Finnish composer (died 1838)

Gabriel Richard, French-born American Roman Catholic priest, missionary, educator, and politician (died 1832)

Sir George Pocock, 1st Baronet, English politician and peer (died 1840)

Samuel Adams Holyoke, American composer and educator (died 1820)

Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Queen of Sardinia (died 1741)

Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, Canadian nun and saint, founded Grey Nuns (died 1771)

Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet and playwright (died 1758)

Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, Swedish statesman and military man (died 1686)

Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (died 1647)

Cornelis de Graeff, Dutch mayor and regent of Amsterdam (died 1664)

Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1613)

Richard Field, English cathedral dean (died 1616)

Akbar, Mughal emperor (died 1605)

Konrad Mutian, German epigrammatist and academic (died 1526)

Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse, German noble (died 1483)

Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan (died 1307)

Virgil, Roman poet (died 19 BC)

Jim Bolger, New Zealand businessman and politician, 35th Prime Minister of New Zealand (born 1935)

Mike Jackson, English general (born 1944)

David Amess, British politician, member of Parliament for Southend West (born 1952)

Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft, philanthropist, owner of the Seattle Seahawks (born 1953)

Chinggoy Alonzo, Filipino theater, movie & television actor (born 1950)

Giovanni Reale, Italian philosopher and historian (born 1931)

Donald Bailey, American drummer (born 1933)

Claude Cheysson, French lieutenant and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (born 1920)

Erol Günaydın, Turkish actor and screenwriter (born 1933)

Maria Petrou, Greek-English computer scientist and academic (born 1953)

Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Cambodia (born 1922)

Betty Driver, English actress, singer, and author (born 1920)

Richard C. Miller, American photographer (born 1912)

Mildred Fay Jefferson, American physician and activist (born 1926)

Johnny Sheffield, American actor (born 1931)

Heinz Versteeg, Dutch-German footballer (born 1939)

Edie Adams, American actress and singer (born 1927)

Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Turkish soldier and poet (born 1914)

Jack Narz, American game show host and announcer (born 1922)

Piet Boukema, Dutch jurist and politician (born 1933)

Jason Collier, American basketball player (born 1977)

Matti Wuori, Finnish lawyer and politician (born 1945)

Per Højholt, Danish poet (born 1928)

Ben Metcalfe, Canadian journalist and activist (born 1919)

Zhang Xueliang, Chinese general and warlord (born 1901)

Konrad Emil Bloch, Polish-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1912)

Vincent Canby, American journalist and critic (born 1924)

Josef Locke, British-Irish soldier, policeman, tenor and actor (born 1917)

Bengt Åkerblom, Swedish ice hockey player (born 1967)

Marco Campos, Brazilian racing driver, only driver ever killed in the International Formula 3000 series (born 1976)

Sarah Kofman, French philosopher and academic (born 1934)

Aydın Sayılı, Turkish historian and academic (born 1913)

Delphine Seyrig, French actress and director (born 1932)

Danilo Kiš, Serbian novelist, short story writer, essayist and translator. (born 1935)

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, English composer, music critic, pianist and writer (born 1892)

Thomas Sankara, Burkinabe captain and politician, 5th President of Burkina Faso (born 1949)

Donald Wandrei, American author and poet (born 1908)

Pat O'Brien, American actor (born 1899)

Mikhail Lavrentyev, Russian physicist and mathematician (born 1900)

Apostolos Nikolaidis, Greek footballer and volleyball player (born 1896)

W. Eugene Smith, American photojournalist (born 1918)

Rolf Stenersen, Norwegian businessman (born 1899)

Carlo Gambino, Italian-American mob boss (born 1902)

Virginia Lee Burton, American author and illustrator (born 1909)

Frederick Montague, 1st Baron Amwell, English lieutenant and politician (born 1876)

Abraham Fraenkel, German-Israeli mathematician and academic (born 1891)

Cole Porter, American composer and songwriter (born 1891)

Horton Smith, American golfer and captain (born 1908)

Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Indian poet and author (born 1896)

Clara Kimball Young, American actress and producer (born 1890)

Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian soldier and politician (born 1909)

Lipót Fejér, Hungarian mathematician and academic (born 1880)

Asaf Halet Çelebi, Turkish poet and author (born 1907)

Elizabeth Alexander, British geologist, academic, and physicist (born 1908)

Fumio Hayasaka, Japanese composer (born 1914)

Edythe Chapman, American actress (born 1863)

Hermann Göring, German general and Nazi politician, convicted Nuremburg war criminal (born 1893)

Pierre Laval, French lawyer and politician, 101st Prime Minister of France, convicted Vichy collaborator (born 1883)

Lluís Companys, Catalan lawyer and politician, President of Catalonia (born 1882)

Raymond Poincaré, French lawyer and politician, 10th President of France (born 1860)

Herbert Henry Dow, Canadian-American businessman, founded the Dow Chemical Company (born 1866)

Dolores Jiménez y Muro, Mexican revolutionary (born 1848?)

Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian guru and saint (born 1838)

Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (born 1876)

Stanley Ketchel, American boxer (born 1886)

Zdeněk Fibich, Czech pianist and composer (born 1850)

Gilbert Arthur à Beckett, English author and songwriter (born 1837)

Letitia Elizabeth Landon, English poet and novelist (born 1802)

Ivan Dmitriev, Russian poet and politician, Russian Minister of Justice (born 1760)

Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg (born 1771)

Sergey Vyazmitinov, Russian general and politician, War Governor of Saint Petersburg (born 1744)

Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish-Lithuanian general and engineer (born 1746)

Nathaniel Dance-Holland, English painter and politician (born 1735)

Alfred Moore, American captain and judge (born 1755)

Samuel Greig, Scottish-Russian admiral (born 1735)

Humphry Ditton, English mathematician and philosopher (born 1675)

Juan de Valdés Leal, Spanish painter and illustrator (born 1622)

Géraud de Cordemoy, French historian, philosopher and lawyer (born 1626)

Robert Herrick, English poet (born 1591)

Andreas Vesalius, Belgian-Greek anatomist, physician, and author (born 1514)

Gilbert, Count of Montpensier (born 1443)

Marie Valois, French princess (born 1344)

Pope Urban VI (born 1318)

Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow

Walter Stapledon, bishop and Lord High Treasurer of England, and his brother Sir Richard Stapledon, judge and politician.

Hedwig of Silesia, Polish saint (born 1174)

Razia Sultana, sultan of Delhi (born 1205)

Petronilla of Aragon (born 1135)

Rudolf of Rheinfelden (born 1025)

Otto-Henry, Duke of Burgundy (born 946)

Abd-al-Rahman III, caliph of Córdoba

Rhazes, Persian polymath (born 864)

Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Spanish emir (born 844)

Lambert of Italy (born 880)

Al-Mu'tamid, Abbasid caliph

Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria

Lucretius, Roman poet and philosopher (born 98 BC)