July 3 in History

President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is removed from office by the military after four days of protests all over the country calling for his resignation, to which he did not respond. The president of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, Adly Mansour, is declared acting president until further elections are held.

The Valencia Metro derailment kills 41 people.

British Prime Minister John Major announced the Stone of Scone would be returned to Scotland.

United States Navy warship USS Vincennes shoots down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.

The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.

David Bowie retires his stage persona Ziggy Stardust with the surprise announcement that it is "the last show that we'll ever do" on the last day of the Ziggy Stardust Tour.

The Troubles: The "Falls Curfew" begins in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashes into the Les Agudes mountain in the Montseny Massif near the village of Arbúcies in Catalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard.

The Aden Emergency: The Battle of the Crater in which the British Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders retake the Crater district following the Arab Police mutiny.

The Constitution of Puerto Rico is approved by the United States Congress.

The SS United States sets sail on her maiden voyage to Southampton. During the voyage, the ship takes the Blue Riband away from the RMS Queen Mary.

World War II: The Minsk Offensive clears German troops from the city.

World War II: The Royal Navy attacks the French naval squadron in Algeria, to ensure that it will not fall under German control. Of the four French battleships present, one is sunk, two are damaged, and one escapes back to France.

World speed record for a steam locomotive is set in England, by the Mallard, which reaches a speed of 125.88 miles per hour (202.58 km/h).

United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal flame at Gettysburg Battlefield.

Confederate veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913 reenact Pickett's Charge; upon reaching the high-water mark of the Confederacy they are met by the outstretched hands of friendship from Union survivors.

Start of the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, forcing Sultan Abdul Hamid II leads to restore the Constitution of 1876 and reconvene the parliament.

A Spanish squadron, led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, is defeated by an American squadron under William T. Sampson in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.

Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.

Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first purpose-built automobile.

The New-York Tribune becomes the first newspaper to use a linotype machine, eliminating typesetting by hand.

Dow Jones & Company publishes its first stock average.

Austro-Prussian War is decided at the Battle of Königgrätz, enabling Prussia to exclude Austria from German affairs.

American Civil War: The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg culminates with Pickett's Charge.

Congress establishes the United States' 2nd mint in San Francisco.

France invades the Roman Republic and restores the Papal States.

Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies.

The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students.

The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.

War of 1812: American forces capture Fort Erie from British troops in Upper Canada.

American Revolutionary War: The Iroquois, allied with Britain, massacre 360 Patriot soldiers during the Battle of Wyoming.

American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Pitcairn Island is discovered by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret.

Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published.

French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.

Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.

Diego de Almagro leaves the recently conquered Inca capital of Cuzco to lead an expedition to Chile.

Jack Cade and his followers enter London unhindered by the government of king Henry VI.

William the Conqueror becomes the Duke of Normandy, reigning until 1087.

Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792.

Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.

Folarin Balogun, American soccer player

Promise David, Canadian soccer player

Nefisa Berberović, Bosnian tennis player

Kim Dong-han, South Korean singer

T. J. Hockenson, American football player

Cole Tucker, American baseball player

Alex Twal, Australian-Lebanese rugby league player

Chris Jones, American football player

PartyNextDoor, Canadian singer-songwriter and record producer

Crystal Dunn, American soccer player

Alison Howie, Scottish field hockey player

Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player

Nathan Gardner, Australian rugby league player

Bobby Hopkinson, English footballer

Lucas Mendes, Brazilian footballer

Alison Riske-Amritraj, American tennis player

Danilo Cavalcante, Brazilian convicted murderer

Mitchell Dodds, Australian rugby league player

Elle King, American singer, songwriter, and actress

Winston Reid, New Zealand-Danish footballer

Vladislav Sesganov, Russian figure skater

James Troisi, Australian footballer

Sebastian Vettel, German race car driver

Marco Antônio de Mattos Filho, Brazilian footballer

Kisenosato Yutaka, Japanese sumo wrestler

Manny Lawson, American football player

Churandy Martina, Dutch sprinter

Corey Sevier, Canadian actor and producer

Edinson Vólquez, Dominican baseball player

Mazharul Haque, Bangladeshi cricketer (died 2013)

Olivia Munn, American actress and television host

Roland Schoeman, South African swimmer

Harbhajan Singh, Indian cricketer

Jamie Grove, English cricketer

Mizuki Noguchi, Japanese runner

David Bowens, American football player

Wade Belak, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2011)

Henry Olonga, Zimbabwean cricketer and sportscaster

Wanderlei Silva, Brazilian-American mixed martial artist

Bobby Skinstad, Zimbabwean-South African rugby union player

Matt Haig, British author and journalist

Paul Rauhihi, New Zealand rugby league player

Ólafur Stefánsson, Icelandic handball player

Fyodor Tuvin, Russian footballer (died 2013)

Patrick Wilson, American actor

Julian Assange, Australian journalist, publisher, and activist, founded WikiLeaks

Benedict Wong, English actor

Serhiy Honchar, Ukrainian cyclist

Audra McDonald, American actress and singer

Teemu Selänne, Finnish ice hockey player

Ramush Haradinaj, Kosovo-Albanian soldier and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Kosovo

Katy Clark, Scottish lawyer and politician

Moisés Alou, American baseball player

Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese wrestler (died 2005)

Connie Nielsen, Danish-American actress

Komsan Pohkong, Thai lawyer and academic

Christophe Ruer, French pentathlete (died 2007)

Yeardley Smith, American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer

Tracey Emin, British Artist

Scott Borchetta, American record executive and entrepreneur

Tom Cruise, American actor and producer

Thomas Gibson, American actor and director

Vince Clarke, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer

Julie Burchill, English journalist and author

Ian Maxtone-Graham, American screenwriter and producer

Stephen Pearcy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

David Shore, Canadian screenwriter and producer

Matthew Fraser, Canadian-English journalist and academic

Charlie Higson, English actor, singer, and author

Siân Lloyd, Welsh meteorologist and journalist

Didier Mouron, Swiss-Canadian painter

Aaron Tippin, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Poly Styrene, British musician (died 2011)

Montel Williams, American talk show host and television personality

Claude Rajotte, Canadian radio and television host

Les Cusworth, English rugby player

Lotta Sollander, Swedish alpine skier

Dugan Basham, American stock racing driver

Laura Branigan, American singer-songwriter (died 2004)

Lu Colombo, Italian singer

Andy Fraser, English singer-songwriter and bass player (died 2015)

Carla Olson, American singer-songwriter and music producer

Wasim Raja, Pakistani cricketer (died 2006)

Amit Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, director, music director and musician

Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haitian politician, 41st President of Haiti (died 2014)

Richard Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer

Ewen Chatfield, New Zealand cricketer

James Hahn, American judge and politician, 40th Mayor of Los Angeles

Susan Penhaligon, English actress

John Verity, English guitarist

Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American singer (died 2006)

Bo Xilai, Chinese politician, Chinese Minister of Commerce

Paul Barrere, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2019)

Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish author and illustrator

Dave Barry, American journalist and author

Betty Buckley, American actress and singer

Mike Burton, American swimmer

Johnny Lee, American singer and guitarist

Leszek Miller, Polish political scientist and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Poland

Michael Shea, American author (died 2014)

Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn, Scottish politician, Speaker of the House of Commons (died 2018)

Gary Waldhorn, British actor (died 2022)

Judith Durham, Australian folk-pop singer-songwriter and musician (died 2022)

Kurtwood Smith, American actor

Norman E. Thagard, American astronaut

Kevin Johnson, Australian singer-songwriter

Eddy Mitchell, French singer-songwriter

Dr. Lonnie Smith, American jazz Hammond B-3 organist (died 2021)

Gloria Allred, American lawyer and activist

Liamine Zéroual, Algerian politician, 6th President of Algeria (died 2026)

Lamar Alexander, American lawyer and politician, 5th United States Secretary of Education

Fontella Bass, American R&B and soul singer (died 2012)

Jerzy Buzek, Polish engineer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Poland

Michael Cole, American actor (died 2024)

Lance Larson, American swimmer (died 2024)

César Tovar, Venezuelan baseball player (died 1994)

Brigitte Fassbaender, German soprano and director

László Kovács, Hungarian politician and diplomat, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs

Coco Laboy, Puerto Rican baseball player

Jean Aitchison, English linguist and academic

Rhoda Scott, American soul and jazz Hammond organist

Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer

Nicholas Maxwell, English philosopher and academic (died 2025)

Tom Stoppard, Czech-English playwright and screenwriter (died 2025)

Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, English lawyer and politician (died 2020)

Baard Owe, Norwegian-Danish actor (died 2017)

Cheo Feliciano, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter (died 2014)

Harrison Schmitt, American geologist, astronaut, and politician. Twelfth man to walk on the moon.

Edward Brandt, Jr., American physician and mathematician (died 2007)

Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (died 2014)

Pete Fountain, American clarinet player (died 2016)

Carlos Kleiber, German-Austrian conductor (died 2004)

Tommy Tedesco, American guitarist (died 1997)

Clément Perron, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1999)

Joanne Herring, American socialite, businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and television talk show host

Evelyn Anthony, English author (died 2018)

Ken Russell, English actor, director, and producer (died 2011)

Tim O'Connor, American actor (died 2018)

Johnny Coles, American trumpet player (died 1997)

Rae Allen, American actress, singer, and director (died 2022)

Laurence Street, Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (died 2018)

Terry Moriarty, Australian rules footballer (died 2011)

Danny Nardico, American professional boxer (died 2010)

Philip Jamison, American artist (died 2021)

Amalia Aguilar, Cuban-Mexican film actress and dancer (died 2021)

S. R. Nathan, 6th President of Singapore (died 2016)

Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Belgian painter and sculptor (died 2010)

Theo Brokmann Jr., Dutch football player (died 2003)

Flor María Chalbaud, First Lady of Venezuela (died 2013)

Susan Peters, American actress (died 1952)

François Reichenbach, French director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1993)

Eddy Paape, Belgian illustrator (died 2012)

Paul O'Dea, American baseball player and manager (died 1978)

Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (died 2006)

Cecil FitzMaurice, 8th Earl of Orkney (died 1998)

Gerald W. Thomas, American soldier and academic (died 2013)

S. V. Ranga Rao, Indian actor, director, and producer (died 1974)

Johnny Palmer, American golfer (died 2006)

João Saldanha, Brazilian footballer, manager, and journalist (died 1990)

John Kundla, American basketball player and coach (died 2017)

Dorothy Kilgallen, American journalist, actress, and author (died 1965)

Joe Hardstaff Jr., English cricketer (died 1990)

Fritz Kasparek, Austrian mountaineer (died 1954)

Stavros Niarchos, Greek shipping magnate (died 1996)

M. F. K. Fisher, American author (died 1992)

Robert B. Meyner, American lawyer and politician, 44th Governor of New Jersey (died 1990)

George Sanders, Russian-born British actor (died 1972)

Johnny Gibson, American hurdler and coach (died 2006)

Harald Kihle, Norwegian painter and illustrator (died 1997)

Ace Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 1992)

Ruth Crawford Seeger, American composer (died 1953)

Alessandro Blasetti, Italian director and screenwriter (died 1987)

Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1982)

Jesse Douglas, American mathematician and academic (died 1965)

Doris Lloyd, English actress (died 1968)

Sándor Bortnyik, Hungarian painter and graphic designer (died 1976)

Richard Cramer, American actor (died 1960)

Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Spanish author and playwright (died 1963)

Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (died 1969)

Anna Dickie Olesen, American politician (died 1971)

Franz Kafka, Czech-Austrian author (died 1924)

Carl Schuricht, Polish-German conductor (died 1967)

Alfred Korzybski, Polish-American mathematician, linguist, and philosopher (died 1950)

George M. Cohan, American songwriter, actor, singer, and dancer (died 1942)

Ralph Barton Perry, American philosopher and academic (died 1957)

Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon and academic (died 1951)

Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (died 1928)

William Henry Davies, Welsh poet and writer (died 1940)

R. B. Bennett, Canadian lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1947)

Svend Kornbeck, Danish actor (died 1933)

Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (died 1906)

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American sociologist and author (died 1935)

Leoš Janáček, Czech composer and theorist (died 1928)

Charles Bannerman, English-Australian cricketer and umpire (died 1930)

Achilles Alferaki, Russian composer and politician, Governor of Taganrog (died 1919)

Dankmar Adler, German-born American architect and engineer (died 1900)

Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek-Ottoman statesman, diplomat, playwright, and translator (died 1891)

Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist and physicist (died 1887)

Johann Friedrich Overbeck, German-Italian painter and engraver (died 1869)

Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (died 1840)

John Singleton Copley, American painter (died 1815)

Robert Adam, Scottish-English architect, designed Culzean Castle (died 1792)

Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet, English field marshal and politician (died 1768)

Edward Young, English poet, dramatist and literary critic (Night-Thoughts) (died 1765)

Thomas Richardson, English politician and judge (died 1635)

Jacobus Gallus, Slovenian composer (died 1591)

Myeongjong of Joseon, Ruler of Korea (died 1567)

Claude Fauchet, French historian and author (died 1601)

Li Shizhen, Chinese physician and mineralogist (died 1593)

Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (died 1500)

Louis XI, King of France (died 1483)

Valentinian I, Roman emperor (died 375)

Borja Gómez, Spanish motorcycle rider (born 2005)

Diogo Jota, Portuguese footballer (born 1996)

David Mabuza, South African politician, 8th Deputy President of South Africa (born 1960)

Michael Madsen, American actor (born 1957)

Peter Rufai, Nigerian footballer (born 1963)

André Silva, Portuguese footballer (born 2000)

Lolit Solis, Filipino talent manager, columnist and talk show host (born 1947)

Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (born 1948)

Diana Douglas, British-American actress (born 1923)

Boyd K. Packer, American religious leader and educator (born 1924)

Wayne Townsend, American farmer and politician (born 1926)

Phil Walsh, Australian footballer and coach (born 1960)

Jini Dellaccio, American photographer (born 1917)

Tim Flood, Irish hurler and coach (born 1927)

Volkmar Groß, German footballer (born 1948)

Ira Ruskin, American politician (born 1943)

Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (born 1924)

Roman Bengez, Slovenian footballer and manager (born 1964)

Francis Ray, American author (born 1944)

PJ Torokvei, Canadian actress and screenwriter (born 1951)

Radu Vasile, Romanian historian and politician, 57th Prime Minister of Romania (born 1942)

Bernard Vitet, French trumpet player and composer (born 1934)

Snoo Wilson, English playwright and screenwriter (born 1948)

Nguyễn Hữu Có, Vietnamese general and politician (born 1925)

Andy Griffith, American actor, singer, and producer (born 1926)

Yvonne B. Miller, American educator and politician (born 1934)

Sergio Pininfarina, Italian engineer and politician (born 1926)

Richard Alvin Tonry, American lawyer and politician (born 1935)

Ali Bahar, Bahraini singer and guitarist (born 1960)

Abu Daoud, Palestinian terrorist, planned the Munich massacre (born 1937)

Alauddin Al-Azad, Bangladeshi author and poet (born 1932)

John Keel, American journalist and author (born 1930)

Clive Hornby, English actor and drummer (born 1944)

Oliver Schroer, Canadian fiddler, composer, and producer (born 1956)

Boots Randolph, American saxophonist (born 1927)

Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist, developed the OBJ programming language (born 1941)

Alberto Lattuada, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (born 1914)

Gaylord Nelson, American lawyer and politician, 35th Governor of Wisconsin (born 1916)

Andriyan Nikolayev, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (born 1929)

Mordecai Richler, Canadian author and screenwriter (born 1931)

Johnny Russell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1940)

Mark Sandman, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (born 1952)

Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina, Russian mathematician (born 1899)

Danielle Bunten Berry, American game designer and programmer (born 1949)

Pancho Gonzales, American tennis player (born 1928)

Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1929)

Lew Hoad, Australian tennis player and coach (born 1934)

Don Drysdale, American baseball player and sportscaster (born 1936)

Jim Backus, American actor and voice artist (born 1913)

Rudy Vallée, American singer, saxophonist, and actor (born 1901)

Frank J. Selke, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (born 1893)

Ross Martin, American actor and director (born 1920)

Louis Durey, French pianist and composer (born 1888)

James Daly, American actor (born 1918)

Alexander Volkov, Russian mathematician and author (born 1891)

John Crowe Ransom, American poet and critic (born 1888)

Jim Morrison, American singer-songwriter (born 1943)

Brian Jones, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (born 1942)

Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe, English politician, 4th Governor-General of New Zealand (born 1867)

Dolf Luque, Cuban baseball player and manager (born 1890)

Richard Mohaupt, German composer and Kapellmeister (born 1904)

Siegfried Handloser, German physician and general (born 1895)

Reginald Marsh, French-American painter, illustrator, and academic (born 1898)

Friedrich Akel, Estonian physician and politician, Head of State of Estonia (born 1871)

Jacob Schick, American-Canadian captain and businessman, invented the electric razor (born 1877)

André Citroën, French engineer and businessman, founded the Citroën Company (born 1878)

Hipólito Yrigoyen, Argentinian educator and politician, 19th President of Argentina (born 1852)

Gérard de Courcelles, French race car driver

James Mitchel, Irish-American weight thrower (born 1864)

Mehmed V, Ottoman sultan (born 1844)

Hetty Green, American businesswoman and financier (born 1834)

Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (born 1845)

Édouard Beaupré, Canadian giant and strongman (born 1881)

Theodor Herzl, Austrian journalist, playwright, and father of modern political Zionism (born 1860)

Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Vietnamese poet and author (born 1822)

Clay Allison, American rancher (born 1841)

Hasan Tahsini, Albanian astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher (born 1811)

George Hull Ward, American general (born 1826)

Little Crow, American tribal leader (born 1810)

Joseph Quesnel, French-Canadian composer and playwright (born 1746)

Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French scholar and author (born 1714)

Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish general, astronomer, and politician, 1st Colonial Governor of Louisiana (born 1716)

Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle, French geologist and mineralogist (born 1736)

Francis Willughby, English ornithologist and ichthyologist (born 1635)

Marie de' Medici, French queen consort and regent (born 1573)

Aonio Paleario, Italian academic and reformer (born 1500)

Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes (born 1423)

Stephen de Fulbourn, English-born Irish cleric and politician

Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (born c. 1060)

Henry I, Frankish nobleman and archbishop

Dong Chang, Chinese warlord

Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (born 656)

Anatolius of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch and saint