July 2 in History

A stampede during a religious event in Uttar Pradesh, India, leaves at least 121 people dead and 150 others injured.

A magnitude 6.1 earthquake strikes Aceh, Indonesia, killing at least 42 people and injuring 420 others.

The Live 8 benefit concerts takes place in the G8 states and in South Africa. More than 1,000 musicians perform and are broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.

Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional, after more than 70 years of continuous rule by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, in the 2000 Mexican general election.

The Bank of Thailand floats the baht, triggering the Asian financial crisis.

USAir Flight 1016 crashes near Charlotte Douglas International Airport, killing 37 of the 57 people on board.

A mob sets fire to the Hotel Madımak in Sivas, Turkey, where an Alevi cultural festival was taking place, killing 37 people.

In the 1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy, 1,400 Muslim pilgrims are suffocated to death and trampled upon in a pedestrian tunnel leading to the holy city of Mecca.

Rodrigo Rojas and Carmen Gloria Quintana are burnt alive during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile in the Quemados case.

Aeroflot Flight 2306 crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Syktyvkar Airport in Syktyvkar, in present-day Komi Republic, Russia, killing 54 people.

End of South Vietnam; Communist North Vietnam annexes the former South Vietnam to form the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

France conducts its first nuclear weapon test in the Pacific, on Moruroa Atoll.

Civil rights movement: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 meant to prohibit segregation in public places.

Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan are last heard from over the Pacific Ocean and disappear while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.

The Night of the Long Knives ends after three days of killings.

World War I: U.S. President Warren G. Harding signs the Knox–Porter Resolution formally ending the war between the United States and Germany.

In the leadup to the Battle of Aqaba, T. E. Lawrence and his Arab forces defeat a battalion of Ottomans at Abu al-Lissan.

The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds U.S. President James A. Garfield (who will die of complications from his wounds on September 19).

American Civil War: On the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg - the Battle of Little Round Top takes place and results in a Union victory after the Confederate troops unsuccessfully try to assault the Union left flank.

A Ms 7.4 earthquake strikes present-day Turkey and Armenia; combined with the effects of an eruption on Mount Ararat, kills 10,000 people.

Bahia Independence Day: The Siege of Salvador ends Portuguese rule in Brazil, with the final defeat of the Portuguese crown loyalists in the province of Bahia.

American Revolution: The Continental Congress adopts the Lee Resolution severing ties with the Kingdom of Great Britain. The wording of the formal Declaration of Independence was agreed upon and publicly released two days later, on July 4.

Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Alford.

English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor.

Battle of Yamazaki: Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats Akechi Mitsuhide.

Age of Discovery: The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.

Battle of Göllheim: Albert I of Habsburg defeats Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.

Battle of Brissarthe: The Franks led by Robert the Strong are defeated by a joint Breton-Viking army.

Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.

Beginning of the papacy of Pope Miltiades.

Julia Grabher, Austrian tennis player

Ryan Murphy, American swimmer

Henrik Kristoffersen, Norwegian skier

Derrick White, American basketball player

Vince Staples, American rapper and actor

Saweetie, American rapper

Madison Chock, American ice dancer

Jānis Timma, Latvian basketball player

Kayla Harrison, American judoka

Merritt Mathias, American soccer player

Morag McLellan, Scottish field hockey player

Margot Robbie, Australian actress and producer

Danny Rose, English footballer

Bill Tupou, New Zealand rugby league player

Nadezhda Grishaeva, Russian basketball player

Alex Morgan, American soccer player

Lee Chung-yong, South Korean footballer

Esteban Granero, Spanish footballer

Brett Cecil, American baseball player

Lindsay Lohan, American actress and singer

Chad Henne, American football player

Ashley Tisdale, American actress, singer, and producer

Thomas Kortegaard, Danish footballer

Elise Stefanik, American politician

Johnny Weir, American figure skater

Michelle Branch, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Kyle Hogg, English cricketer

Nathan Ellington, English footballer

Carlos Rogers, American football player

Nyjer Morgan, American baseball player

Walter Davis, American triple jumper

Ahmed al-Ghamdi, Saudi Arabian terrorist, hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175 (died 2001)

Sam Hornish Jr., American race car driver

Joe Thornton, Canadian ice hockey player

Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician, 42nd Mayor of Tallinn

Deniz Barış, Turkish footballer

Krisztián Lisztes, Hungarian footballer

Tomáš Vokoun, Czech-American ice hockey player

Ľudovít Ódor, Prime minister of Slovakia

Éric Dazé, Canadian ice hockey player

Kristen Michal, Estonian lawyer and politician

Elizabeth Reaser, American actress

Stefan Terblanche, South African rugby player

Sean Casey, American baseball player and sportscaster

Darren Shan, Irish author

Troy Brown, American football player and actor

Evelyn Lau, Canadian poet and author

Bryan Redpath, Scottish rugby player and coach

Derrick Adkins, American hurdler

Steve Morrow, Northern Irish footballer and manager

Tim Rodber, English rugby player

Norbert Röttgen, German lawyer and politician

Jose Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player and mixed martial artist

Ozzie Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player, coach, and manager

Joe Magrane, American baseball player and sportscaster

Neil Williams, English cricketer (died 2006)

Clark Kellogg, American basketball player and sportscaster

Erwin Olaf, Dutch photographer (died 2023)

Pavan Malhotra, Indian actor

Bret Hart, Canadian wrestler

Jüri Raidla, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice

Purvis Short, American basketball player

Jerry Hall, American model and actress

Kim Carr, Australian educator and politician, 31st Australian Minister for Human Services

Chris Huhne, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change

Wendy Schaal, American actress

Brian Clarke, British artist known for his work with stained glass (died 2025)

Sylvia Rivera, American transgender rights activist (died 2002)

Anatoliy Solomin, Ukrainian race walker and coach

Lynne Brindley, English librarian and academic

Jon Trickett, English politician

Greg Brown, American musician

Roy Bittan, American rock piano and accordion player (E Street Band)

Robert Paquette, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist

Mutula Kilonzo, Kenyan lawyer and politician (died 2013)

Larry David, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter

Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton, English politician, Minister for International Security Strategy

Richard Axel, American neuroscientist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate

Ron Silver, American actor, director, and political activist (died 2009)

Larry Lake, American-Canadian trumpet player and composer (died 2013)

John Eekelaar, South African-English lawyer and scholar

Vicente Fox, Mexican businessman and politician, 35th President of Mexico

William Guest, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 2015)

Wendell Mottley, Trinidadian sprinter, economist, and politician

Kenneth Clarke, English politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Georgi Ivanov, Bulgarian military officer, cosmonaut and politician

Mike Castle, American politician, 69th Governor of Delaware (died 2025)

Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek poet and politician (died 1976)

John H. Sununu, American engineer and politician, 14th White House Chief of Staff

Paul Williams, American singer and choreographer (died 1973)

David Owen, English physician and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

Polly Holliday, American actress (died 2025)

Richard Petty, American race car driver and sportscaster

Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general and politician, 16th Vice President of Egypt (died 2012)

Gilbert Kalish, American pianist and educator

Tom Springfield, English musician (died 2022)

Peter Desbarats, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (died 2014)

Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2017)

Dave Thomas, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Wendy's (died 2002)

Ahmad Jamal, American jazz musician (died 2023)

Carlos Menem, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 50th President of Argentina (died 2021)

Imelda Marcos, Filipino politician; 10th First Lady of the Philippines

Lee Allen, American saxophone player (died 1994)

James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern, Scottish lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Brock Peters, American actor (died 2005)

Octavian Paler, Romanian journalist and politician (died 2007)

Medgar Evers, American soldier and civil rights movement activist (died 1963)

Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (died 1961)

Marvin Rainwater, American singer-songwriter (died 2013)

Chia-ying Yeh, Chinese-born Canadian poet and sinologist (died 2024)

Cyril M. Kornbluth, American soldier and author (died 1958)

Wisława Szymborska, Polish poet and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2012)

Pierre Cardin, Italian-French fashion designer (died 2020)

Paula Valenska, Czech actress (died 1994)

John Kneubuhl, Samoan-American historian, screenwriter, and playwright (died 1992)

Jean Craighead George, American author (died 2012)

Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter and sculptor (died 2008)

Leonard J. Arrington, American author and academic, founded the Mormon History Association (died 1999)

Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (died 1991)

Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German colonel and pilot (died 1982)

Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (died 2010)

Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (died 2008)

Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, British peer, politician and soldier (died 2014)

Frederick Fennell, American conductor and educator (died 2004)

Mário Schenberg, Brazilian physicist and engineer (died 1990)

Erich Topp, German admiral (died 2005)

Max Beloff, Baron Beloff, English historian and academic (died 1999)

Reg Parnell, English race car driver and manager (died 1964)

Thurgood Marshall, American lawyer and civil rights activist, 32nd Solicitor General of the United States, and former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1993)

Hans Bethe, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2005)

Károly Kárpáti, Hungarian Jewish wrestler (died 1996)

Séra Martin, French middle-distance runner (died 1993)

René Lacoste, French tennis player and businessman, created the polo shirt (died 1996)

Alec Douglas-Home, English cricketer and politician, 66th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1995)

Olav V, Norwegian king, 1957–1991 (died 1991)

K. Kanapathypillai, Sri Lankan author and academic (died 1968)

Tyrone Guthrie, English actor and director (died 1971)

Ralph Hancock, Welsh gardener and author (died 1950)

Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist and author (died 1931)

Royal Hurlburt Weller, American lawyer and politician (died 1929)

Hermann Hesse, German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1962)

Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (died 1939)

Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist and academic (died 1933)

Wilhelm Cuno, German businessman and politician, Chancellor of Germany (died 1933)

Liane de Pougy, French-Swiss dancer and author (died 1950)

Lily Braun, German author and publicist (died 1916)

William Henry Bragg, English physicist, chemist, and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1942)

Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (died 1919)

Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist and historian (died 1917)

Émile Ollivier, French statesman (died 1913)

Charles Tupper, Canadian physician and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1915)

George Law Curry, American publisher and politician, 5th governor of the Oregon Territory (died 1878)

Juan N. Méndez, Mexican general and interim president, 1876-1877 (died 1894)

Charles-Louis Hanon, French pianist and composer (died 1900)

Francisco Javier Echeverría, Mexican businessman and politician. President of Mexico (1841) (died 1852)

Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet and author (died 1803)

Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (died 1787)

Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal and art collector (died 1740)

Samuel Penhallow, English-American soldier and historian (died 1726)

Arp Schnitger, German organ builder (died 1719)

Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English politician, Lord President of the Council (died 1730)

Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (died 1637)

Elizabeth Tudor, English daughter of Henry VII of England (died 1495)

Thomas Cranmer, English archbishop, theologian, and Protestant martyr (died 1556)

Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (died 1570)

Louis V, Elector Palatine (died 1544)

Valentinian III, Roman emperor (died 455)

Sophia Hutchins, American socialite (born 1996)

Julian McMahon, Australian-American actor (born 1968)

Ángela Jeria, Chilean archaeologist and human rights activist (born 1926)

Byron Bernstein, American Twitch streamer (born 1989)

Lee Iacocca, American automotive executive (born 1924)

Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (born 1948)

Vladislav Rastorotsky, a Russian (and former Soviet) artistic gymnastics coach, (born 1933)

Smith Hart, American-born Canadian professional wrestler (born 1948)

Caroline Aherne, English actress and comedian (born 1963)

Michael Cimino, American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1939)

Patrick Manning, 4th & 6th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (born 1946)

Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, activist, and author (born 1928)

Ronald Davison, New Zealand lawyer and judge, 10th Chief Justice of New Zealand (born 1920)

Charlie Sanders, American football player and sportscaster (born 1946)

Jim Weaver, American football player and coach (born 1945)

Jacobo Zabludovsky, Mexican journalist (born 1928)

Emilio Álvarez Montalván, Nicaraguan ophthalmologist and politician (born 1919)

Manuel Cardona, Spanish physicist and academic (born 1934)

Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe (born 1915)

Harold W. Kuhn, American mathematician and academic (born 1925)

Louis Zamperini, American runner and World War II US Army Air Forces captain (born 1917)

Anthony G. Bosco, American bishop (born 1927)

Douglas Engelbart, American computer scientist, invented the computer mouse (born 1925)

Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1921)

Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American chemist, academic, and astronaut (born 1933)

Maurice Chevit, French actor and screenwriter (born 1923)

Julian Goodman, American journalist (born 1922)

Angelo Mangiarotti, Italian architect and academic (born 1921)

Betty Meggers, American archaeologist and academic (born 1921)

Ed Stroud, American baseball player (born 1939)

Itamar Franco, Brazilian engineer and politician, 33rd President of Brazil (born 1930)

Beryl Bainbridge, English screenwriter and author (born 1932)

Natasha Shneider, Russian-American singer, keyboard player, and actress (born 1956)

Elizabeth Spriggs, English actress and screenwriter (born 1929)

Beverly Sills, American operatic soprano and television personality (born 1929)

Jan Murray, American comedian, actor, and game show host (born 1916)

Ernest Lehman, American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1915)

Norm Prescott, American actor, composer, and producer, co-founded Filmation Studios (born 1927)

Mochtar Lubis, Indonesian journalist and author (born 1922)

Briggs Cunningham, American race car driver and businessman (born 1907)

Ray Brown, American jazz musician and composer (born 1926)

Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (born 1952)

Mario Puzo, American author and screenwriter (born 1920)

James Stewart, American actor (born 1908)

Lloyd MacPhail, Canadian businessman and politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island (born 1920)

Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (born 1967)

Fred Gwynne, American actor (born 1926)

Lee Remick, American actress (born 1935)

Snooky Lanson, American singer (born 1914)

Andrei Gromyko, Soviet economist and politician, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs (born 1909)

Allie Vibert Douglas, Canadian astronomer and astrophysicist (born 1894)

Peanuts Lowrey, American baseball player and manager (born 1917)

Tom Barry, leader of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War (born 1897)

Aris Alexandrou, Greek author and poet (born 1922)

Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born novelist and critic (born 1899)

James Robertson Justice, English actor (born 1907)

Betty Grable, American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1916)

George McBride, American baseball player and manager (born 1880)

Ferdinand Schörner, German field marshal and convicted war criminal (born 1892)

Joseph Fielding Smith, American religious leader, 10th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (born 1876)

Jessie Street, Australian suffragette and feminist (born 1889)

Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet, author, and lawyer (born 1900)

Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (born 1929)

Alicia Patterson, American publisher, co-founded Newsday (born 1906)

Ernest Hemingway, American novelist, short story writer, and journalist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1899)

Edward Lawson, English soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1873)

Manuel II of Portugal (born 1889)

Gladys Brockwell, American actress (born 1894)

Émile Coué, French psychologist and pharmacist (born 1857)

William Louis Marshall, American general and engineer (born 1846)

Porfirio Díaz, Mexican general and politician, 29th President of Mexico (born 1830)

Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (born 1836)

Tom Richardson, English cricketer (born 1870)

Ed Delahanty, American baseball player (born 1867)

Carlo Pisacane, Italian soldier and philosopher (born 1818)

Robert Peel, English lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1788)

Samuel Hahnemann, German physician and academic (born 1755)

Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 1st Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (born 1757)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher and composer (born 1712)

Thomas Baker, English antiquarian and author (born 1656)

Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1673)

Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (born 1614)

François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-French general (born 1611)

Thomas Harriot, English astronomer, mathematician, and ethnographer (born 1560)

Vincenzo Galilei, Italian lute player and composer (born 1520)

Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (born 1528)

Thomas Doughty, English explorer

Nostradamus, French astrologer and author (born 1503)

Stephen III of Moldavia (born 1434)

Adolf, King of the Romans (born 1220)

Henry the Fowler, German king (born 876)

Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman

Swithun, English bishop and saint (born c. 800)

Li Jing, Chinese general (born 571)

Li Jiancheng, Chinese prince (born 589)

Li Yuanji, Chinese prince (born 603)