September 9 in History

Six people are killed when Israel carries out an airstrike on Doha in a failed attempt to decapitate the Hamas leadership.

Several Russian drones incur on Polish airspace and are subsequently shot down, marking the first time a NATO member has engaged Russian military assets.

The government of North Korea conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest nuclear test. World leaders condemn the act, with South Korea calling it "maniacal recklessness".

Elizabeth II becomes the longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom.

The album Songs of Innocence by U2 is digitally released at no charge to all customers of the iTunes Music Store, appearing automatically in the "purchased" section of over 500 million users worldwide.

The Indian space agency puts into orbit its heaviest foreign satellite yet, in a streak of 21 consecutive successful PSLV launches.

A wave of attacks kills more than 100 people and injure 350 others across Iraq.

The Dubai Metro, the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula, is ceremonially inaugurated.

Space Shuttle Program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-115 to resume assembling the International Space Station. It is the first ISS assembly mission after the Columbia disaster back in 2003.

Ahmad Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan by two al-Qaeda assassins who claimed to be Arab journalists wanting an interview.

Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-64.

Israeli–Palestinian peace process: The Palestine Liberation Organization officially recognizes Israel as a legitimate state.

Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.

Batticaloa massacre: Massacre of 184 Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in Batticaloa District.

Vietnam Airlines Flight 831 crashes in Khu Khot, Thailand, while on approach to Don Muang International Airport, killing 76.

Two Aeroflot flights collide in mid-air over Anapa, Soviet Union, killing 70.

In Kentucky's Mammoth Cave National Park, a Cave Research Foundation exploration and mapping team discovers a link between the Mammoth and Flint Ridge cave systems, making it the longest known cave passageway in the world.

The four-day Attica Prison riot begins, eventually resulting in 39 dead, most killed by state troopers retaking the prison.

A British airliner is hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and flown to Dawson's Field in Jordan.

In Canada, the Official Languages Act comes into force, making French equal to English throughout the Federal government.

Allegheny Airlines Flight 863 collides in mid-air with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee over Moral Township, Shelby County, Indiana, killing all 83 people on board both aircraft.

The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is established.

Hurricane Betsy makes its second landfall near New Orleans, leaving 76 dead and $1.42 billion ($10–12 billion in 2005 dollars) in damages, becoming the first hurricane to cause over $1 billion in unadjusted damage.

Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

The 6.7 Mw Chlef earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). At least 1,243 people were killed and 5,000 were injured.

Kim Il Sung is appointed as premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). This is celebrated annually as its national holiday.

First case of a computer bug being found: A moth lodges in a relay of a Harvard Mark II computer at Harvard University.

Second Sino-Japanese War: The Empire of Japan formally surrenders to China.

World War II: The Fatherland Front takes power in Bulgaria through a military coup in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-Soviet government is established.

World War II: The Allies land at Salerno and Taranto, Italy.

World War II: A Japanese floatplane drops incendiary bombs on Oregon.

George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.

Treznea Massacre in Transylvania.

World War II: The Battle of Hel begins, the longest-defended pocket of Polish Army resistance during the German invasion of Poland.

Burmese national hero U Ottama dies in prison after a hunger strike to protest Britain's colonial government.

The crews of Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão mutinied against the Salazar dictatorship's support of General Franco's coup and declared their solidarity with the Spanish Republic.

Hanapepe massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, founds the Republican People's Party.

The Greco-Turkish War effectively ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks in Smyrna.

World War I: The creation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.

Amalthea becomes the last moon to be discovered without the use of photography.

American Civil War: The Union Army enters Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Crimean War: The Siege of Sevastopol comes to an end when Russian forces abandon the city.

The Compromise of 1850 transfers a third of Texas's claimed territory to federal control in return for the U.S. federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.

California is admitted as the thirty-first U.S. state.

Possible start of the Great Famine of Ireland.

John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph.

Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of Baltic provinces.

Grenelle camp affair, a failed uprising by supporters of Gracchus Babeuf against the French Directory

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington.

The Continental Congress officially names its union of states the United States.

Stono Rebellion, the largest slave uprising in Britain's mainland North American colonies prior to the American Revolution, erupts near Charleston, South Carolina.

Thomas Cavendish in his ship Desire enters Plymouth and completes the first deliberately planned voyage of circumnavigation.

The ultimately unsuccessful Colloquy of Poissy opens in an effort to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants.

Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is crowned "Queen of Scots" in the central Scottish town of Stirling.

James IV of Scotland is defeated and dies in the Battle of Flodden, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.

The citizens of Lisbon celebrate the triumphal return of the explorer Vasco de Gama, completing his two-year journey around the Cape of Good Hope to India.

Battle of Krbava Field, a decisive defeat of Croats in Croatian struggle against the invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

Christopher Columbus, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.

Anne becomes sovereign Duchess of Brittany, becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the union of Brittany and France.

In the Battle of Saint George, the Byzantines under Andronikos Asen ambush and defeat the forces of the Principality of Achaea, securing possession of Arcadia.

Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan.

Battle of Svolder during the Viking Age.

Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.

Luke Hughes, American ice hockey player

Hailey Van Lith, American basketball player

Ricky Pearsall, American football player

Jordan Nwora, Nigerian-American basketball player

Gabby Williams, American-French basketball player

Yuliana Korolkova, Russian model and beauty pageant titleholder

Clinton Gutherson, Australian rugby league player

Cameron Cullen, Australian rugby league player

Crazy Mary Dobson, American wrestler

Sharon van Rouwendaal, Dutch swimmer

Shannon Boyd, Australian rugby league player

Damian McGinty, Northern Irish actor and singer

Kelsey Asbille, American actress

Lauren Daigle, American contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter

Hunter Hayes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Oscar, Brazilian footballer

Danilo Pereira, Bissauan-Portuguese footballer

Billy Hamilton, American baseball player

Shaun Johnson, New Zealand rugby league player

Haley Reinhart, American singer-songwriter and actress

Andrew Smith, American basketball player (died 2016)

Jordan Tabor, English footballer (died 2014)

Alfonzo Dennard, American football player

Casey Hayward, American football player

Danilo D'Ambrosio, Italian footballer

Will Middlebrooks, American baseball player

Markus Jürgenson, Estonian footballer

Andrea Petkovic, German tennis player

Afrojack, Dutch-Surinamese DJ, record producer, and remixer

Ahmed Elmohamady, Egyptian footballer

Nicole Aniston, American actress and model

Michael Bowden, American baseball player

Chamu Chibhabha, Zimbabwean cricketer

Timothy Granaderos, American actor and model

Luc Mbah a Moute, Cameroonian basketball player

Keith Yandle, American hockey player

Martin Johnson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Luka Modrić, Croatian footballer

J. R. Smith, American basketball player

Brad Guzan, American soccer player

James Hildreth, English cricketer

Michalis Sifakis, Greek footballer

Vitolo, Spanish footballer

Kyle Davies, American baseball player

Edwin Jackson, American baseball player

Cleveland Taylor, English footballer

John Kuhn, American football player

Graham Onions, English cricketer

Ai Otsuka, Japanese singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress

Julie Gonzalo, Argentine-American actress

Todd Coffey, American baseball player

David Fa'alogo, New Zealand rugby league player

Michelle Williams, American actress

Wayne Carlisle, Northern Irish footballer and coach

Nikki DeLoach, American actress and singer

Kurt Ainsworth, American baseball player and businessman, co-founded Marucci Sports

Shane Battier, American basketball player and sportscaster

Kyle Snyder, American baseball player and coach

Fatih Tekke, Turkish footballer and manager

Emma de Caunes, French actress

El Intocable, Mexican wrestler

Hanno Möttölä, Finnish basketball player

Joey Newman, American composer and conductor

Mattias Öhlund, Swedish ice hockey player

Aki Riihilahti, Finnish footballer and coach

Kristoffer Rygg, Norwegian singer-songwriter and producer

Michael Bublé, Canadian singer-songwriter and actor

Anton Oliver, New Zealand rugby player

Vikram Batra, Indian captain (died 1999)

Shane Crawford, Australian footballer and television host

Marcos Curiel, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Jun Kasai, Japanese wrestler

Gok Wan, English fashion stylist, author, and television host

Kazuhisa Ishii, Japanese baseball player

Mike Hampton, American baseball player and coach

Natasha Kaplinsky, English journalist

Jakko Jan Leeuwangh, Dutch speed skater

Miriam Oremans, Dutch tennis player

Xavi Pascual, Spanish professional basketball coach

Félix Rodríguez, Dominican baseball player

Goran Višnjić, Croatian-American actor

Eric Stonestreet, American actor

Henry Thomas, American actor and guitarist

Natalia Streignard, Spanish-Venezuelan actress

Rachel Hunter, New Zealand model and actress

Natasha Stott Despoja, Australian politician

Jon Drummond, American sprinter and coach

Clive Mendonca, English footballer

Julia Sawalha, English actress

B. J. Armstrong, American basketball player and sportscaster

Chris Caffery, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Mark Shrader, American wrestler

Akshay Kumar, Indian actor and producer

Georg Hackl, German luger and coach

Kevin Hatcher, American ice hockey player

Adam Sandler, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter

Brian Smith, Australian-Irish rugby player and coach

Charles Esten, American actor, comedian, and musician

Dan Majerle, American basketball player and coach

Constance Marie, American actress

Marcel Peeper, Dutch footballer

Aleksandar Hemon, Bosnian-American author and critic

Skip Kendall, American golfer

Chris Coons, American lawyer and politician

Roberto Donadoni, Italian footballer and manager

Neil Fairbrother, English cricketer

Hugh Grant, English actor and producer

Bob Hartley, Canadian ice hockey player and coach

Johnson Righeira, Italian singer-songwriter, musician, record producer and actor

Bob Stoops, American football player and coach

Kimberly Willis Holt, American author

Tom Foley, American baseball player and coach

Éric Serra, French composer and producer

Pierre-Laurent Aimard, French pianist and educator

John Kricfalusi, Canadian voice actor, animator, director, and screenwriter

Walter Davis, American basketball player (died 2023)

Janet Fielding, Australian actress

Angela Cartwright, English-American actress, author, and singer

Per Jørgensen, Norwegian singer and trumpet player

Dave Stewart, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Alexander Downer, Australian economist and politician, 34th Minister of Foreign Affairs for Australia

Tom Wopat, American actor and singer

Gogi Alauddin, Pakistani squash player and coach

John McFee, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

John Curry, English figure skater (died 1994)

Daniel Pipes, American historian and author

Joe Theismann, American football player and sportscaster

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesian general and politician, 6th President of Indonesia

David Rosenboom, American composer and educator

Freddy Weller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

T. M. Wright, American author, poet, and illustrator (died 2015)

Jim Keays, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter (died 2014)

Bruce Palmer, Canadian folk-rock bass player (died 2004)

Ton van Heugten, Dutch motocross racer (died 2008)

Dee Dee Sharp, American singer

Doug Ingle, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (died 2024)

Frank Clark, English footballer, manager and chairman

The Iron Sheik, Iranian-American wrestler and actor (died 2023)

Inez Foxx, American singer (died 2022)

Danny Kalb, American singer and guitarist (died 2022)

Syed Abid Ali, Indian cricketer

Otis Redding, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 1967)

Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist, created the C programming language (died 2011)

Hugh Morgan, Australian businessman

Joe Negroni, American doo-wop singer (died 1978)

Ron McDole, American football player

John Davis, English anthropologist and academic (died 2017)

Jay Ward, American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2012)

William Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw, English academic and politician

Gopal Baratham, Singaporean neurosurgeon and author (died 2002)

Nadim Sawalha, Jordanian-born English actor

Chaim Topol, Israeli actor, singer, and producer (died 2023)

Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th President of Dominica (died 2015)

Sonia Sanchez, American poet, playwright, and activist

Carm Lino Spiteri, Maltese architect and politician (died 2008)

Robin Hyman, English author and publisher (died 2017)

Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor and author (died 1976)

Ida Mae Martinez, American wrestler (died 2010)

Shirley Summerskill, English physician and politician

Margaret Tyzack, English actress (died 2011)

Francis Carroll, Australian archbishop (died 2024)

Claude Nougaro, French singer-songwriter (died 2004)

Moses Anderson, American Roman Catholic bishop (died 2013)

Sol LeWitt, American painter and sculptor (died 2007)

Elvin Jones, American drummer and bandleader (died 2004)

Tatyana Zaslavskaya, Russian sociologist and economist (died 2013)

Louise Abeita, Isleta Pueblo (Native American) writer, poet, and educator (died 2014)

Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian theologian and author (died 2022)

Jane Greer, American actress (died 2001)

Sylvia Miles, American actress (died 2019)

Russell M. Nelson, American captain, surgeon, and religious leader (died 2025)

Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (died 2003)

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2008)

Cliff Robertson, American actor (died 2011)

Hoyt Curtin, American composer and producer (died 2000)

Hans Georg Dehmelt, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2017)

Manolis Glezos, Greek journalist and politician (died 2020)

Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian geneticist, entomologist, and engineer (died 2018)

Neil Chotem, Canadian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 2008)

Feng Kang, Chinese mathematician and physicist (died 1993)

Robert Wood Johnson III, American businessman and philanthropist (died 1970)

Gottfried Dienst, Swiss footballer and referee (died 1998)

Jimmy Snyder, American sportscaster (died 1996)

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Italian lawyer and politician, 9th President of Italy (died 2012)

John Passmore, Australian philosopher and academic (died 2004)

Paul Goodman, American author, poet, and playwright (died 1972)

John Gorton, Australian lieutenant and politician, 19th Prime Minister of Australia (died 2002)

Cesare Pavese, Italian poet and author (died 1950)

Shigekazu Shimazaki, Japanese admiral (died 1945)

Leon Edel, American author and critic (died 1997)

Ali Hadi Bara, Iranian-Turkish sculptor and educator (died 1971)

Joseph E. Levine, American film producer, founded Embassy Pictures (died 1987)

Brahmarishi Hussain Sha, Indian philosopher and poet (died 1981)

Feroze Khan, Indian-Pakistani field hockey player and coach (died 2005)

Arthur Laing, Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Veterans Affairs (died 1975)

Lev Shankovsky, Ukrainian military historian (died 1995)

Edward Upward, English author (died 2009)

Phyllis A. Whitney, American author (died 2008)

James Hilton, English-American author and screenwriter (died 1954)

Neil Hamilton, American stage, film and television actor (died 1984)

Waite Hoyt, American baseball player and sportscaster (died 1984)

Bruno E. Jacob, American academic, founded the National Forensic League (died 1979)

Frankie Frisch, American baseball player and manager (died 1973)

Arthur Freed, American composer and producer (died 1973)

Humphrey Mitchell, Canadian trade union leader and politician, 14th Canadian Minister of Labour (died 1950)

Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer and soldier (died 1976)

Colonel Sanders, American businessman, founded KFC (died 1980)

Alf Landon, American lieutenant, banker, and politician, 26th Governor of Kansas (died 1987)

Miriam Licette, English soprano and educator (died 1969)

Clare Sheridan, English sculptor and author (died 1970)

Clem McCarthy, American sportscaster (died 1962)

Adelaide Crapsey, American poet and critic (died 1914)

Arthur Fox, English-American fencer (died 1958)

Sergio Osmeña, Filipino lawyer and politician, 4th President of the Philippines (died 1961)

James Agate, English journalist, author, and critic (died 1947)

Frank Chance, American baseball player and manager (died 1924)

Max Reinhardt, Austrian-born American theater and film director (died 1943)

Mary Hunter Austin, American author, poet, and critic (died 1934)

Herbert Henry Ball, English-Canadian journalist and politician (died 1943)

Houston Stewart Chamberlain, English-German philosopher and author (died 1927)

Fred Spofforth, Australian-English cricketer and merchant (died 1926)

Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English author (died 1903)

Leo Tolstoy, Russian author and playwright (died 1910)

Joseph Leidy, American paleontologist and academic (died 1891)

Richard Chenevix Trench, Irish-English archbishop and philologist (died 1886)

Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, Polish rabbi (died 1866)

Clemens Brentano, German poet and author (died 1842)

James Carr, American soldier and politician (died 1818)

Benjamin Bourne, American judge and politician (died 1808)

William Bligh, English admiral and politician, 4th Governor of New South Wales (died 1817)

Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (died 1798)

Francisco Javier Clavijero, Mexican priest, historian, and scholar (died 1787)

Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, Swedish admiral and shipbuilder (died 1808)

Thomas Hutchinson, English historian and politician, Governor of the province of Massachusetts Bay (died 1780)

Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (died 1780)

Cornelis Tromp, Dutch general (died 1691)

Cardinal Richelieu, French cardinal and politician (died 1642)

Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur (died 1602)

Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (died 1523)

Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (died 1464)

Albert III, Duke of Austria (died 1395)

Honorius, Roman emperor (died 423)

Mark Norell, American vertebrate paleontologist (born 1957).

John Cassaday, American comic book artist and writer (born 1971)

James Earl Jones, American actor (born 1931)

Caterina Valente, Italian-French singer and dancer (born 1931)

Annemarie Bostroem, German poet, playwright, and songwriter (born 1922)

Einar H. Ingman Jr., American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1929)

K. Kunaratnam, Sri Lankan physicist and academic (born 1934)

Montserrat Abelló i Soler, Spanish poet and translator (born 1918)

Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (born 1930)

Graham Joyce, English author and educator (born 1954)

Sunila Abeysekera, Sri Lankan scholar and activist (born 1952)

Alberto Bevilacqua, Italian director and screenwriter (born 1934)

Saul Landau, American journalist, director, and author (born 1936)

Verghese Kurien, Indian engineer and businessman, founded Amul (born 1921)

John McCarthy, Australian footballer (born 1989)

Mike Scarry, American football player and coach (born 1920)

Ron Tindall, English footballer and manager (born 1935)

Gérard Brach, French director and screenwriter (born 1927)

Richard Burmer, American composer and engineer (born 1955)

Matt Gadsby, English footballer (born 1979)

William Bernard Ziff Jr., American businessman, founded Ziff Davis (born 1930)

Ernie Ball, American guitarist and businessman (born 1930)

Caitlin Clarke, American actress (born 1952)

Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist and academic (born 1908)

Don Willesee, Australian telegraphist and politician, 29th Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs (born 1916)

Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan commander and politician, Afghan Minister of Defense (born 1953)

Julian Critchley, English lawyer and politician (born 1930)

Arie de Vroet, Dutch footballer and manager (born 1918)

Catfish Hunter, American baseball player (born 1946)

Ruth Roman, American actress (born 1922)

Lucio Battisti, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1943)

Bill Cratty, American dancer and choreographer (born 1951)

Richie Ashburn, American baseball player and sportscaster (born 1927)

John Hackett, Australian-English general and author (born 1910)

Burgess Meredith, American actor, director, and producer (born 1907)

Bill Monroe, American singer-songwriter (born 1911)

Patrick O'Neal, American actor (born 1927)

Larry Noble, English comedian and actor (born 1914)

Helen O'Connell, American singer (born 1920)

Nicola Abbagnano, Italian philosopher and academic (born 1901)

Samuel Doe, Liberian field marshal and politician, 21st President of Liberia (born 1951)

Alexander Men, Russian priest and scholar (born 1930)

Magda Tagliaferro, Brazilian pianist and educator (born 1893)

Neil Davis, Australian photographer and journalist (born 1934)

Paul Flory, American chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1910)

Antonino Votto, Italian conductor (born 1896)

Yılmaz Güney, Palme d'Or award-winning Kurdish film director, scenarist, actor, novelist and activist (born 1937)

Robert Askin, Australian sergeant and politician, 32nd Premier of New South Wales (born 1907)

Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (born 1901)

John Howard Griffin, American journalist and author (born 1920)

Norrie Paramor, English composer, conductor, and producer (born 1914)

Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish linguist, poet, and author (born 1892)

Jack L. Warner, Canadian-American production manager and producer, co-founded Warner Bros. (born 1892)

Mao Zedong, Chinese philosopher, academic, and politician, 1st Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (born 1893)

Johannes Brenner, Estonian footballer (born 1906)

John McGiver, American actor (born 1913)

Willy Mairesse, Belgian racing driver (born 1928)

Edwin Linkomies, Finnish academic, professor and the Prime Minister of Finland (born 1894)

Jussi Björling, Swedish tenor (born 1911)

Ramón Fonst, Cuban fencer (born 1883)

Charlie Macartney, Australian cricketer and soldier (born 1886)

Carl Friedberg, German pianist and educator (born 1872)

Victor Hémery, French racing driver (born 1876)

Max Ehrmann, American poet and lawyer (born 1872)

Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (born 1888)

Charles McLean Andrews, American historian, author, and academic (born 1863)

Adele Kurzweil, Austrian Holocaust victim (born 1925)

Hans Spemann, German embryologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1869)

Roger Fry, English painter and critic (born 1866)

Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca, Brazilian president (born 1855)

Albert Spalding, American baseball player, manager, and businessman, co-founded Spalding (born 1850)

Lloyd Wheaton Bowers, American lawyer and politician, United States Solicitor General (born 1859)

E. H. Harriman, American businessman and philanthropist (born 1848)

Ernest Wilberforce, English bishop (born 1840)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter and illustrator (born 1864)

Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet and critic (born 1842)

Friedrich Traugott Kützing, German pharmacist, botanist and phycologist (born 1807)

Jules Grévy, French politician, 4th President of the French Republic (born 1813)

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Swiss botanist, mycologist, and academic (born 1778)

James Weddell, Belgian-English sailor and navigator (born 1787)

John Singleton Copley, American-English colonial and painter (born 1738)

William Paterson, Irish-American judge and politician, 2nd Governor of New Jersey (born 1745)

Johann Lorenz von Mosheim, German historian and author (born 1694)

Charles de Saint-Évremond, French-English soldier, author, and critic (born 1610)

Henry Marten, English lawyer and politician (born 1602)

Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, French soldier, founded Montreal (born 1612)

Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyō (born 1570)

Eleanor de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (born 1567)

George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (born 1547)

Anna Jagiellon, Polish queen (born 1523)

Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer and politician (born 1539)

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Dutch painter (born 1525)

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Notable Scottish casualties of the Battle of Flodden

Francis II, duke of Brittany (born 1433)

Chenghua, emperor of China (born 1447)

Edward, king of Portugal (born 1391)

Robert Harling, English knight

James I, king of Cyprus (born 1334)

Kunigunda of Halych, queen regent of Bohemia (born 1245)

Ingrid of Skänninge, Swedish abbess and saint

Yaroslav of Tver, Russian Grand Prince (born 1230)

Conrad II, duke of Bohemia

William the Conqueror, English king (born c. 1028)

Kang Kam-ch'an, Korean general (born 948)

Olaf I, king of Norway

Adalbert von Babenberg, Frankish nobleman