August 3 in History

Worst floods hit major parts of Slovenia.

Six hundred protesters, including opposition leader Lyubov Sobol, are arrested in an election protest in Moscow, Russia.

Twenty-three people are killed and 22 injured in a mass shooting at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas.

Two burka-clad men kill 29 people and injure more than 80 in a suicide attack on a Shia mosque in eastern Afghanistan.

A 6.1 magnitude earthquake kills at least 617 people and injures more than 2,400 in Yunnan, China.

The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL begins.

Widespread rioting erupts in Karachi, Pakistan, after the assassination of a local politician, leaving at least 85 dead and at least 17 billion Pakistani rupees (US$200 million) in damage.

Former deputy director of the Chilean secret police Raúl Iturriaga is captured after having been on the run following a conviction for kidnapping.

President of Mauritania Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.

The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty reopens after being closed since the September 11 attacks.

Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria: A total of 116 villagers killed, 40 in Oued El-Had and 76 in Mezouara.

The tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, Sky Tower in downtown Auckland, New Zealand, opens after two-and-a-half years of construction.

Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launch the Antiimperialist Action Front – Suxxali Reew Mi.

Tandy Corporation announces the TRS-80, one of the world's first mass-produced personal computers.

A privately chartered Boeing 707 strikes a mountain peak and crashes near Agadir, Morocco, killing 188.

The United States Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

Niger gains independence from France.

Portugal's state police force PIDE fires upon striking workers in Bissau, Portuguese Guinea, killing over 50 people.

The world's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus, becomes the first vessel to complete a submerged transit of the geographical North Pole.

The Basketball Association of America and the National Basketball League finalize the merger that would create the National Basketball Association.

Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.

Santa Claus Land, the world's first themed amusement park, opens in Santa Claus, Indiana, United States.

World War II: Italian forces begin the invasion of British Somaliland.

Jesse Owens wins the 100 metre dash, defeating Ralph Metcalfe, at the Berlin Olympics.

A fire wipes out Kursha-2 in the Meshchera Lowlands, Ryazan Oblast, Russia, killing 1,200 and leaving only 20 survivors.

Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis confirms the ban of the eight Chicago Black Sox, the day after they were acquitted by a Chicago court.

World War I: Germany declares war against France, while Romania declares its neutrality.

Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis fines Standard Oil of Indiana a record $29.4 million for illegal rebating to freight carriers; the conviction and fine are later reversed on appeal.

Macedonian rebels in Kruševo proclaim the Kruševo Republic, which exists for only ten days before Ottoman Turks lay waste to the town.

The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is founded.

An Anglo-Eyptian army defeats a Mahdist-Sudanese army in the battle of Toski.

The American Dental Association is founded in Niagara Falls, New York.

Harvard University wins the first Boat Race between Yale University and Harvard. The race is also known as the first ever American intercollegiate athletic event.

The Treaty of Lewistown is signed by the Shawnee and Seneca peoples, exchanging land in Ohio for land west of the Mississippi River.

First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps by brothers Johann Rudolf and Hieronymus Meyer.

Treaty of Greenville is signed, ending the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country.

The theatre La Scala in Milan is inaugurated with the première of Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.

British-Dutch forces under William III defending the city of Brussels fight an inconclusive battle at Steenkerque against a French army under the duke of Luxembourg, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.

Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built on the Great Lakes.

Thirty Years' War: The Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

Long War: Austria captures Transylvania in the Battle of Goroszló.

The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.

The city of Calais surrenders after a protracted siege to the English following the English defeat of a French relief fleet in the battle of Crotoy. It will remain in English hands for more than 200 years.

The Siege of Algeciras commences during the Spanish Reconquista.

Frederick of Lorraine elected as Pope Stephen IX.

Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Grimketel, the English Bishop of Selsey.

Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats an East Frankish army under Duke Burchard of Thuringia.

Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: Louis III of France defeats the Vikings, an event celebrated in the poem Ludwigslied.

Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.

Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.

Zach Wilson, American football player

Brahim Díaz, Spanish-Moroccan footballer

Yoo Yeon-jung, South Korean singer

Luis Robert Jr., Cuban baseball player

Alec Bohm, American baseball player

Bokondji Imama, Canadian ice hockey player

Derwin James, American football player

Zac Gallen, American baseball player

Victoria Kan, Russian tennis player

Kwon Alexander, American football player

Manaia Cherrington, New Zealand rugby league player

Esther Earl, American author, vlogger, and online personality (died 2010)

Todd Gurley, American football player

Younghoe Koo, South Korean-born American football player

Ola Abidogun, English sprinter

Yurina Kumai, Japanese singer

Gamze Bulut, Turkish runner

Gesa Felicitas Krause, German runner

Diāna Marcinkēviča, Latvian tennis player

Aljon Mariano, Filipino basketball player

Lum Rexhepi, Finnish footballer

Karlie Kloss, American fashion model

Jourdan Dunn, English model

Kang Min-kyung, South Korean singer

Jules Bianchi, French race car driver (died 2015)

Sam Hutchinson, English footballer

Tyrod Taylor, American football player

Nick Viergever, Dutch footballer

Denny Cardin, Italian footballer

Leigh Tiffin, American football player

Sven Ulreich, German footballer

Kim Hyung-jun, South Korean singer and dancer

Chris McQueen, Australian-English rugby league player

Charlotte Casiraghi, Monégasque journalist, co-founded Ever Manifesto

Darya Domracheva, Belarusian biathlete

Georgina Haig, Australian actress

Brent Kutzle, American bass player and producer

Ats Purje, Estonian footballer

Sonny Bill Williams, New Zealand rugby player and boxer

Yasin Avcı, Turkish footballer

Sunil Chhetri, Indian footballer

Matt Joyce, American baseball player

Ryan Lochte, American swimmer

Chris Maurer, former bassist of ska band Suburban Legends

Ryan Carter, American ice hockey player

Mark Reynolds, American baseball player

Kaspar Kokk, Estonian skier

Jesse Lumsden, Canadian bobsledder and football player

Damien Sandow, American wrestler

Fikirte Addis, Ethiopian fashion designer

Travis Bowyer, American baseball player

Pablo Ibáñez, Spanish footballer

Nadia Ali, Libyan-American singer-songwriter

Dominic Moore, Canadian ice hockey player

Tony Pashos, American football player

Brandan Schieppati, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Hannah Simone, Canadian television host and actress

Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress

Joi Chua, Singaporean singer-songwriter and actress

Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer

Jenny Tinmouth, English motorcycle racer

Dimitrios Zografakis, Greek footballer

Tom Brady, American football player

Justin Lehr, American baseball player

Óscar Pereiro, Spanish cyclist and footballer

Troy Glaus, American baseball player

Wael Gomaa, Egyptian footballer

Argyro Strataki, Greek heptathlete

Jay Cutler, American bodybuilder

Nikos Dabizas, Greek footballer

Michael Ealy, American actor

Chris Murphy, American politician

Sandis Ozoliņš, Latvian ice hockey player and politician

Forbes Johnston, Scottish footballer (died 2007)

DJ Spinderella, American DJ, rapper, producer, and actress

Stephen Carpenter, American guitarist and songwriter

Gina G, Australian singer-songwriter

Masahiro Sakurai, Japanese video game designer

Doug Overton, American basketball player and coach

Rod Beck, American baseball player (died 2007)

Mathieu Kassovitz, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter

Skin, English singer and guitarist

Brent Butt, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter

Gizz Butt, English singer-songwriter and guitarist

Eric Esch, American wrestler, boxer, and mixed martial artist

Robert Laimer, Austrian politician

Lucky Dube, South African singer and keyboard player (died 2007)

Ralph Knibbs, British rugby union player

Nate McMillan, American basketball player and coach

Kevin Sumlin, American football player and coach

Abhisit Vejjajiva, English-Thai economist and politician, 27th Prime Minister of Thailand

Tasmin Archer, English pop singer

Frano Botica, New Zealand rugby player and coach

James Hetfield, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

David Knox, Australian rugby player

Ed Roland, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Lisa Ann Walter, American actress, producer, and screenwriter

Isaiah Washington, American actor and producer

Molly Hagan, American actress

Nick Harvey, English politician, Minister of State for the Armed Forces

Lee Rocker, American bassist

Tim Mayotte, American tennis player and coach

Gopal Sharma, Indian cricketer

Martin Atkins, English drummer and producer

Mike Gminski, American basketball player and sportscaster

John C. McGinley, American actor and producer

Koichi Tanaka, Japanese chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate

Lindsey Hilsum, English journalist and author

Ana Kokkinos, Australian director and screenwriter

Bodo Rudwaleit, German footballer and manager

Kate Wilkinson, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 11th New Zealand Minister of Conservation

Kirk Brandon, English singer-songwriter and guitarist

Todd Christensen, American football player and sportscaster (died 2013)

Dave Cloud, American singer-songwriter and actor (died 2015)

Balwinder Sandhu, Indian cricketer and coach

Ian Crichton, Canadian guitarist

Michael Arthur, English physician and academic

Gary Peters, English footballer and manager

Ian Bairnson, Scottish guitarist, songwriter and saxophonist (died 2023)

Marlene Dumas, South African painter

Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentinian footballer and manager

Marcel Dionne, Canadian ice hockey player

Jay North, American actor (died 2025)

Linda Howard, American author

John Landis, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter

Jo Marie Payton, American actress and singer

Ernesto Samper, Colombian economist and politician, 29th President of Colombia

Philip Casnoff, American actor and director

B. B. Dickerson, American bass player and songwriter (died 2021)

Sue Slipman, English politician

Jean-Pierre Raffarin, French lawyer and politician, 166th Prime Minister of France

Ralph Wright, English footballer (died 2020)

Robert Ayling, English businessman

Jack Straw, English lawyer and politician, Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

John York, American bass player, songwriter, and producer

Eamon Dunphy, Irish footballer and journalist

Morris Berman, American historian and social critic

Nino Bravo, Spanish singer (died 1973)

Béla Bollobás, Hungarian-English mathematician and academic

Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson of Sweden

Steven Millhauser, American novelist and short story writer

Juanita Helms, American politician (died 2009)

Beverly Lee, American singer

Martha Stewart, American businesswoman, publisher, and author, founded Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia

Lance Alworth, American football player

Martin Sheen, American actor and producer

James Tyler, American guitarist and songwriter (died 2010)

Jimmie Nicol, English drummer

Apoorva Sengupta, Indian general and cricketer (died 2013)

Terry Wogan, Irish radio and television host (died 2016)

Steven Berkoff, English actor, director, and playwright

Roland Burris, American lawyer and politician, 39th Illinois Attorney General

Duncan Sharpe, Pakistani-Australian cricketer

Jerry G. Bishop, American radio and television host (died 2013)

Edward Petherbridge, English actor

John Erman, American actor, director, and producer (died 2021)

Georgy Shonin, Ukrainian-Russian general, pilot, and cosmonaut (died 1997)

Vic Vogel, Canadian pianist, composer, and bandleader (died 2019)

Haystacks Calhoun, American wrestler and actor (died 1989)

Michael Chapman, English bassoon player (died 2005)

Jonas Savimbi, Angolan general, founded UNITA (died 2002)

Pat Crawford, Australian cricketer (died 2009)

James Komack, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1997)

Cécile Aubry, French actress, director, and screenwriter (died 2010)

Henning Moritzen, Danish actor (died 2012)

Rona Anderson, Scottish actress (died 2013)

Tony Bennett, American singer and actor (died 2023)

Anthony Sampson, English journalist and author (died 2004)

Gordon Scott, American actor (died 2007)

Rushdy Abaza, Egyptian actor (died 1980)

Marv Levy, American-Canadian football player, coach, and manager

Lewis Rowland, American neurologist (died 2017)

Connie Converse, American musician and singer-songwriter (disappeared 1974)

Leon Uris, American soldier and author (died 2003)

Jean Hagen, American actress (died 1977)

Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria (died 2012)

John Eisenhower, American historian, general, and diplomat, 45th United States Ambassador to Belgium (died 2013)

Richard Adler, American composer and producer (died 2012)

Hayden Carruth, American poet and critic (died 2008)

Marilyn Maxwell, American actress (died 1972)

Norman Dewis, English test driver and engineer (died 2019)

Max Fatchen, Australian journalist and author (died 2012)

P. D. James, English author (died 2014)

Charlie Shavers, American trumpet player and composer (died 1971)

Elmar Tampõld, Estonian-Canadian architect (died 2013)

James MacGregor Burns, American historian, political scientist, and author (died 2014)

Sidney Gottlieb, American chemist and theorist (died 1999)

Larry Haines, American actor (died 2008)

Eddie Jefferson, American singer-songwriter (died 1979)

Les Elgart, American trumpet player and bandleader (died 1995)

Shakeel Badayuni, Indian poet and songwriter (died 1970)

José Manuel Moreno, Argentinian footballer and manager (died 1978)

Mel Tolkin, Ukrainian-American screenwriter and producer (died 2007)

Fritz Hellwig, German politician (died 2017)

Alex McCrindle, Scottish actor and producer (died 1990)

Walter Van Tilburg Clark, American author and educator (died 1971)

Lawrence Brown, American trombonist and composer (died 1988)

Ernesto Geisel, Brazilian general and politician, 29th President of Brazil (died 1996)

Yang Shangkun, Chinese politician, and President of China (died 1998)

Franz König, Austrian cardinal (died 2004)

Dolores del Río, Mexican actress (died 1983)

Clifford D. Simak, American journalist and author (died 1988)

Habib Bourguiba, Tunisian journalist and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Tunisia (died 2000)

Regina Jonas, German rabbi (died 1944)

David Buttolph, American film composer (died 1983)

John C. Stennis, American lawyer and politician (died 1995)

Stefan Wyszyński, Polish cardinal (died 1981)

Ernie Pyle, American soldier and journalist (died 1945)

John T. Scopes, American educator (died 1970)

Louis Chiron, Monegasque race car driver (died 1979)

Ralph Horween, American football player and coach (died 1997)

Allen Bathurst, Lord Apsley, English politician (died 1942)

Harry Heilmann, American baseball player and sportscaster (died 1951)

Konstantin Melnikov, Russian architect, designed the Rusakov Workers' Club (died 1974)

Rupert Brooke, English poet (died 1915)

August Wesley, Finnish journalist, trade unionist, and revolutionary (died ?)[citation needed]

Maithili Sharan Gupt, Indian poet and playwright (died 1964)

Haakon VII of Norway (died 1957)

Vernon Louis Parrington, American historian and scholar (died 1929)

Stanley Baldwin, English businessman and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1947)

Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian author and journalist (died 1922)

William Kennedy Dickson, French-Scottish actor, director, and producer (died 1935)

Alfred Deakin, Australian lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (died 1919)

Reginald Heber Roe, English-Australian swimmer, tennis player, and academic (died 1926)

John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, English jurist and politician (died 1929)

Julien Reverchon, French botanist (died 1905)

Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer, conductor, and director (died 1914)

Thomas Francis Meagher, Irish-American revolutionary and military leader, territorial governor of Montana (died 1867)

Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, Spanish clarinetist, composer, and musicologist (died 1894)

Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen (died 1895)

Elisha Otis, American businessman, founded the Otis Elevator Company (died 1861)

Hamilton Fish, American lawyer and politician, 26th United States Secretary of State (died 1893)

Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect, designed The Crystal Palace (died 1865)

Frederick William III of Prussia (died 1840)

Aaron Chorin, Hungarian rabbi and author (died 1844)

Alvise Foscari, Venetian admiral (died 1790)

John Henley, English minister and poet (died 1759)

Wolfgang Julius, Count of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, German field marshal (died 1698)

Étienne Dolet, French scholar and translator (died 1546)

Maria of Jülich-Berg, German noblewoman (died 1543)

Imperia Cognati, Italian courtesan (died 1512)

Galeotto I Pico, Duke of Mirandola (died 1499)

Loni Anderson, American actress (born 1945)

Yamini Krishnamurthy, Indian dancer (born 1940)

Mark Margolis, American actor (born 1939)

Bram Moolenaar, Dutch software engineer (born 1961)

Jackie Walorski, American politician (born 1963)

John Hume, Northern Irish politician (born 1937)

Robert Conquest, English-American historian, poet, and academic (born 1917)

Mel Farr, American football player and businessman (born 1944)

Coleen Gray, American actress (born 1922)

Margot Loyola, Chilean singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1918)

Johanna Quandt, German businesswoman (born 1926)

Jef Murray, American artist and author (born 1960)

Miangul Aurangzeb, Pakistani captain and politician, 19th Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (born 1928)

Edward Clancy, Australian cardinal (born 1923)

Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American author (born 1916)

Kenny Drew, Jr., American pianist and composer (born 1958)

Lydia Yu-Jose, Filipino political scientist and academic (born 1944)

John Coombs, English-Monegasque race car driver and businessman (born 1922)

Jack English Hightower, American lawyer and politician (born 1926)

Jack Hynes, Scottish-American soccer player and manager (born 1920)

Frank Evans, American baseball player, coach, and manager (born 1921)

Martin Fleischmann, Czech-English chemist and academic (born 1927)

Paul McCracken, American economist and academic (born 1915)

John Pritchard, American basketball player (born 1927)

George Shanard, American politician and agribusinessman (born 1926)

William Sleator, American author (born 1945)

Bubba Smith, American football player and actor (born 1945)

Bobby Hebb, American singer-songwriter (born 1938)

Nikolaos Makarezos, Greek soldier and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece (born 1919)

Skip Caray, American sportscaster (born 1939)

Erik Darling, American singer-songwriter (born 1933)

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian novelist, dramatist and historian, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1918)

John Gardner, English author (born 1926)

Peter Thorup, Danish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (born 1948)

Arthur Lee, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (born 1945)

Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-English soprano and actress (born 1915)

Françoise d'Eaubonne, French author and poet (born 1920)

Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer and painter (born 1908)

Roger Voudouris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1954)

Christopher Hewett, English actor and director (born 1922)

Joann Lõssov, Estonian basketball player and coach (born 1921)

Rod Ansell, Australian hunter (born 1953)

Byron Farwell, American historian and author (born 1921)

Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer and journalist (born 1934)

Pietro Rizzuto, Italian-Canadian lawyer and politician (born 1934)

Jørgen Garde, Danish admiral (born 1939)

Ida Lupino, English-American actress and director (born 1918)

Edward Whittemore, American soldier and author (born 1933)

Wang Hongwen, Chinese labor activist and politician, member of the Gang of Four (born 1935)

Carolyn Jones, American actress (born 1930)

Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1899)

Angelos Terzakis, Greek author and playwright (born 1907)

Makarios III, Cypriot archbishop and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Cyprus (born 1913)

Alfred Lunt, American actor and director (born 1892)

Andreas Embirikos, Greek poet and photographer (born 1901)

Edgar Johan Kuusik, Estonian architect and interior designer (born 1888)

Richard Marshall, American general (born 1895)

Giannis Papaioannou, Turkish-Greek composer (born 1913)

Alexander Mair, Australian politician, 26th Premier of New South Wales (born 1889)

Konstantin Rokossovsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union during World War II (born 1896)

Lenny Bruce, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (born 1925)

Flannery O'Connor, American short story writer and novelist (born 1925)

Signe Salén, Swedish doctor (born 1871)

Hilda Rix Nicholas, Australian artist (born 1884)

Herb Byrne, Australian footballer (born 1887)

Peter Collins, English race car driver (born 1931)

Colette, French novelist and journalist (born 1873)

Ignotus, Hungarian poet and author (born 1869)

Frumka Płotnicka, Polish resistance fighter during World War II (born 1914)

Richard Willstätter, German-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1872)

Konstantin Konik, Estonian surgeon and politician, 19th Estonian Minister of Education (born 1873)

Emile Berliner, German-American inventor and businessman, invented the phonograph (born 1851)

Thorstein Veblen, American economist and sociologist (born 1857)

William Bruce, Australian cricketer (born 1864)

Joseph Conrad, British novelist (born 1857)

Ture Malmgren, Swedish journalist and politician (born 1851)

Peeter Süda, Estonian organist and composer (born 1883)

Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician and academic (born 1849)

Roger Casement, executed Irish poet and activist (born 1864)

William Lyne, Australian politician, 13th Premier of New South Wales (born 1844)

George Inness, American painter (born 1825)

Joseph Severn, English painter (born 1793)

William B. Ogden, American businessman and politician, 1st Mayor of Chicago (born 1805)

August Böckh, German historian and scholar (born 1785)

Gábor Klauzál, Hungarian politician, Hungarian Minister of Agriculture (born 1804)

Eugène Sue, French author and politician (born 1804)

Dorothea von Schlegel, German author and translator (born 1763)

Wenzel Müller, Austrian composer and conductor (born 1767)

Christopher Anstey, English author and poet (born 1724)

Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, English field marshal and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (born 1717)

Richard Arkwright, English engineer and businessman (born 1732)

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French epistemologist and philosopher (born 1715)

Stanisław Konarski, Polish poet and playwright (born 1700)

Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar and academic (born 1691)

Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-English sculptor and woodcarver (born 1648)

Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch politician (born 1641)

Joshua Barnes, English historian and scholar (born 1654)

Guillaume du Vair, French lawyer and author (born 1556)

Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish commander and diplomat (born 1540)

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect, designed the Apostolic Palace (born 1484)

Étienne Dolet, French scholar and translator (born 1509)

Francesco Ferruccio, Italian captain (born 1489)

Scaramuccia Trivulzio, Italian cardinal

James II, king of Scotland (born 1430)

Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh, English nobleman

At-Ta'i, Abbasid caliph (born 929)

Thietmar, margrave of Meissen

Cao, Chinese empress dowager

Burchard, duke of Thuringia

Egino, duke of Thuringia

Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg